Slagsvold et al. [7]. For the oesophagus cancer, the link between Sivelestat sodium hydrate (ONO-5046 sodium hydrate) inflammation and cancer is usually strongest for adenocarcinoma as a result of chronic reflux associated inflammation [6]. Wu et al., treated gastric cancer cell lines with EPA and DHA, and found inhibited Sivelestat sodium hydrate (ONO-5046 sodium hydrate) macrophage activated cell migration by down regulation of the matrix metalloproteinase 10 gene, and subsequent down regulation of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) [8]. Slagsvold et al. showed that DHA (75?M) had significant anticancer effects on colon cancer cell lines, causing cell cycle arrest through upregulation of p21 Rabbit Polyclonal to BTK protein and downregulation of survivin and livin (inhibitors of apoptosis) [9]. In this exploratory study, we evaluated the effect of the four single treatments (EPA, DHA, Omegaven? (fish oil emulsion) and oxaliplatin) on OE33 and OE19 cell growth and expression of the following cytokines: IL-6, TNF- and VEGF in the cell culture supernatant. In addition, we also evaluated expression of the following proteins p53, p21, Akt, ERK1/2 in the cell lysate. Methods The two oesophageal cancer cell lines used were OE19 and OE33. OE19 is usually a human oesophageal cancer cell line derived from a 72?year aged white male patient with moderately differentiated UICC stage 3 adenocarcinoma. The OE33 cancer cell line is derived from a 73?year aged white female with UICC stage 2A lower oesophageal adenocarcinoma arising in a background of known Barretts metaplasia. These cell lines were purchased from Public Health England cell collection (The European Collection of Authenticated Cell Cultures). Maintenance of cell lines Cell lines were cultured as a monolayer at 37?C and 5% CO2. Both cell lines were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium (Sigma-Aldrich, UK) supplemented with 2?mM Glutamine and 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS). Cell passaging Cell lines were passaged no more than Sivelestat sodium hydrate (ONO-5046 sodium hydrate) 15 times following resuscitation from liquid nitrogen, to reduce the risk of phenotypic alterations. Passaging was undertaken once cells had reached approximately 80% confluence as follows: Cells were washed with 10?mL pre-warmed (37?C) PBS once, followed by addition of 5?mL of 1X trypsin for 5?min at 37?C for cell detachment. The trypsinisation process was halted following addition of an equivalent volume of RPMI media made up of 10% FBS. Cells were pelleted at 400 x g, resuspended in fresh medium made up of 10% FBS, and aliquoted appropriately into cell culture flasks as per experimental requirements. Treatments and solvents The treatments tested were EPA, DHA, Oxaliplatin (all from Sigma-Aldrich, UK), and Omegaven? (Fresenius Kabi, Germany). EPA and DHA stocks were prepared as 50? mM stocks dissolved in DMSO and oxaliplatin was prepared as a 50?mM stock dissolved in 5% dextrose. All treatments including the vehicle control, received comparative volumes of DMSO or 5% dextrose. Omegaven? is usually a 10% fish oil lipid emulsion made up of 1.25 to 2.82?g/100?ml EPA and 1.44 to 3.09?g/100?ml DHA as per the Omegaven? summary of product characteristics. The rationale for selecting Omegaven? was that it was commercially available, the omegaven? emulsion was also investigated over the same time period in a pilot clinical trial in patients with advanced oesophago-gastric cancer and the intention was to mirror the in vitro laboratory work with the clinical trial. EPA, DHA, Omegavenand Oxaliplatin treatments OE33 and OE19 cell lines were produced in RPMI 1640?+?2?mM Glutamine +?10% foetal bovine serum (FBS) medium for 24?h, then the media was removed and replaced with medium containing 10?M, 20?M, 30?M, 40?M and 50?M of EPA, DHA and Oxaliplatin treatment and in order to equate the Omegaven? emulsion mixture to treatment concentrations using the single brokers, the emulsion was diluted in RPMI medium +?10% FCS via serial dilution to make treatments of approximately 10?M, 20?M, 30?M, 40?M and 50?M of EPA and DHA. The cell lines were incubated for 72, 96, 120 or 144?h to determine the anti-proliferative effects. The cell culture supernatant was collected at 72 and 144?h and stored Sivelestat sodium hydrate (ONO-5046 sodium hydrate) at ??80?C for cytokine analysis. The cells were then harvested and counted. Cell proliferation assays Cell proliferation was undertaken using a Z2 particle size analyser (Beckman Coulter, UK) to count raw cell numbers; this was performed in both cell.